Biography of Matilda of Scotland, Wife of Henry I

Matilda of Scotland (c. 1080–May 1, 1118) was a princess of Scotland and later queen of England through her marriage to Henry I. She was a popular queen who presided over an educated and pious court, and she even functioned as queen regent in her husbands stead at times. Fast Facts: Matilda of Scotland Known for:  First wife and queen consort of King Henry I of England and sometimes queen regent, mother of  Empress Matilda/Empress Maud  and grandmother of King Henry IIBorn: c. 1080 in Dunfermline, ScotlandParents: Malcolm III of Scotland, Saint Margaret of ScotlandDied: May 1, 1118 in London, EnglandSpouse:  King Henry I of England (m. 1100–1118) Early Years Matilda was  born around 1080 as the older daughter of the Scottish king Malcolm III and his second wife,  the English princess Margaret later canonized as  Saint Margaret of Scotland.  The royal family had several children: Edward, Edmund of Scotland, Ethelred (became an abbot), three future Scottish kings (Edgar,  Alexander I, and David I), and Mary of Scotland (who married Eustace III of Boulogne, becoming the mother of Matilda of Boulogne who later married King Stephen of England, a nephew of King Henry I of England). Matildas father Malcolm descended from the Scottish royal family, whose brief overthrow inspired Shakespeares Macbeth  (his father was King Duncan). From the age of 6, Matilda and her younger sister Mary were raised under the protection of their aunt Cristina, a nun in the convent at Romsey, England, and later at Wilton. In 1093, Matilda left the convent, and Anselm, the archbishop of Canterbury, ordered her to return. Matildas family turned down several early marriage proposals for Matilda: from William de Warenne, second Earl of Surrey and Alan Rufus, Lord of Richmond. Another rejected proposal, reported by some chroniclers, came from King William II of England. King William II of England died in 1100 and his son Henry quickly seized power, supplanting his older brother through his quick action (a tactic his nephew Stephen would use later to supplant Henrys named heir). Henry and Matilda apparently knew each other already; Henry decided that Matilda would be the most suitable bride for his new kingdom. The Marriage Question Matildas heritage did make her an excellent choice as a bride for Henry I. Her mother was a descendant of King Edmund Ironside, and through him, Matilda was descended from the great Anglo-Saxon king of England, Alfred the Great. Matildas great uncle was Edward the Confessor, so she was also related to the Wessex kings of England. Thus, marriage to Matilda would unite the Norman line to the Anglo-Saxon royal line. The marriage would also ally England and Scotland. However, Matildas years in the convent raised questions of whether she had taken vows as a nun and was thus not free to marry legally. Henry asked Archbishop Anselm for a ruling, and Anselm convened a council of bishops. They heard testimony from Matilda that she had never taken vows, had worn the veil only for protection, and that her stay in the convent had only been for her education. The bishops agreed that Matilda was eligible to marry Henry. Matilda of Scotland and Henry I of England were married at Westminster Abbey on November 11, 1100. At this point, her name was changed from her birth name of Edith to Matilda, by which she is known to history. Matilda and Henry had four children, but only two survived infancy. Matilda, born in 1102, was the elder, but by tradition she was displaced as heir by her younger brother William, who was born the next year. Queen of England Matildas education was valuable in her role as Henrys queen. Matilda served on her husbands council, she was queen  regent when he was traveling, and she often accompanied him on his travels. From 1103 to 1107, the English investiture controversy led to a conflict between church and state over who had the right to appoint (or invest) church officials at the local level. During this time, Matilda served as a mediator between Henry and Archbishop Anselm, eventually helping to resolve the conflict. Her work as regent lives on: to this day, charters and documents signed by Matilda as regent survive. Matilda also commissioned literary works, including a biography of her mother and a history of her family (the latter was completed after her death).  She administered estates that were part of her dower properties and oversaw several architectural projects. In general, Matilda ran a court that valued both culture and religion, and she herself spent a great deal of time on works of charity and compassion. Later Years and Death Matilda lived long enough to see her children make good royal matches. Her daughter Matilda (also known as Maud), was betrothed to the Holy Roman Emperor Henry V, and she was sent to Germany to be married to him. Maud would later attempt to take the English throne following her fathers death; although she did not succeed, her son did and became Henry II. Matilda and Henrys son William was the heir apparent to his father. He was betrothed to Matilda of Anjou, daughter of Count Fulk V of Anjou, in 1113, but died in an accident at sea in 1120. Matilda died on Mary 1, 1118, and was buried at Westminster Abbey. Henry married again but had no other children. He named as his heir his daughter Maud, by that time widow of Emperor Henry V. Henry had his nobles swear fealty to his daughter and then married her to Geoffrey of Anjou, brother of Matilda of Anjou and son of Fulk V. Legacy Matildas legacy lived on through her daughter, who was set to become Englands first reigning queen, but Henrys nephew Stephen seized the throne, and enough barons backed him so that Maud, though she fought for her rights, was never crowned queen. Mauds son eventually succeeded Stephen as Henry II, bringing the descendants of both Norman and Anglo-Saxon kings to the throne. Matilda was remembered as the good queen and Matilda of Blessed Memory. A movement began to have her canonized, but it never actually took shape. Sources Chibnall, Marjorie.  The Empress. Malden, Blackwell Publishers, 1992.Huneycutt, Lois L.  Matilda of Scotland: A Study in Medieval Queenship. Boydell,  2004.â€Å"Matilda of Scotland.†Ã‚  Ohio River - New World Encyclopedia, New World Encyclopedia.

The Progression to Proving a Heliocentric System - 615 Words

For centuries the world believed in a system formulated by influential astronomer Ptolemy. In the Ptolemaic system the Earth is at the center of all celestial bodies. This theory was widely accepted especially by the Church who held much prominence in Europe. The Catholic Church believed that God formed the earth therefore it should sit at the center of the universe. It wasnt until the 16th century, when a man name Nicolas Copernicus presented a theory which contradicted all that was known in the world of astronomy. Copernicus presented a heliocentric system, in which he placed the sun at the center of the universe, motionless, with the Earth and other planets rotating around it in circular paths modified by epicycles. Thomas S. Kuhn, in his book, The Copernican Revolution, states that â€Å"Copernicus, the author of the theory that ultimately deprived the heavens of special power, belonged to the minority group of Renaissance astronomers who did not caste horoscopes† (pg. 94) . The Copernican system initially began as a system of minorities, however, as time continued it began to see prominence. Both Johannes Keppler and Galilei Galileo, through their observations and theories began to prove a heliocentric system. Through the utilization of his telescope, Galileo helped prove Copernicus’ heliocentricism. Using his telescope Galileo saw four moons around Jupiter and the phases of Venus which helped support a heliocentric solar system. Copernicus predicted that all phasesShow MoreRelatedEssay about The Influence of Religion on Scientific Advancement1737 Words   |  7 Pagesscientific progression has been aided by religious ideology. By examining both the negative and positive roles religion has played in history, modern times, and the overall area of morality, one can determine the true extent to which faith hinders scientific advancement. The Catholic Inquisitions exemplify one area in which religion has impeded scientific advancement, particularly in reference to the trials of Galileo Galilei. During the 15th century, Galileo began proposing a heliocentric universeRead MoreThe Big Bang Theory, The Theory of Evolution, and the Bible Essay2843 Words   |  12 PagesConclusion 12 Bibliography 13 â€Æ' Introduction Often dubbed the â€Å"Origins Debate,† the debate over the existence of the universe and its beginnings has been one that has existed for many centuries. From facets of life such as a heliocentric universe versus a geocentric universe, to Man’s existence being a matter of creation or evolution, the religion/Bible versus science debate has plagued civilizations on Earth for hundreds years dating back to the days of Anaximander and Empedocles

Salsa Music (1197 words) Essay Example For Students

Salsa Music (1197 words) Essay Salsa MusicSince Columbus discovered America and the slave trade began, music has always been a very important part of the Cuban culture. Cubas strategic position in the Caribbean, made it a real crossroad for all the trades between Central and North America and for most of the incoming slave ships from Africa. Cuba became a sponge that absorbed and processed all the surrounding music influences and all the incoming African rhythms and melodies. Since those days the music has mutated many times and through out the years one genres of music gave birth to new ones one of the most resent of those mutations has been called Salsa. The history of salsa is no only limited to Cuba but it extends to Puerto Rico and New York. In the last few years salsa has reached even the most unthinkable places of the world. Since Columbus came to America and brought with him the colonization of Las Americas, music has been a rich part of Cuban culture. When Spanish colonists started the trade of African slaves, the history of salsa music began. Given to Cubas crossroad position between North America, South America, the Old World and the New World most of the slave trading that occurred in the New World was done in Cuba. As consequence of this Cuba basically absorbed the cultures and religions from surrounding islands in the Caribbean and all the traditions and music that came from Africa. The real development of salsa music genre came from a series of music mutations when in the late 1800 the guaguanco or Santeria music started to make its way out from the sugar plantations to rural peoples lifes and then to the cities. The first music style that had its roots in guaguanco or Afro melody was a music genre named danzon but as all genres it slowly mutated. In the 1920s, the son, a faster, more danceable version of the older danzon was making it self to the top, but the classic ballrooms rejected it. However, Cuban youth refused to be dictated to an adopted son. This new mutation went to form the base for what is today called salsa. On October 21, 1921;Celia Cruz, who is called the mother of salsa, was born in Havana. She grew up in huge family of fourteen children. While she was growing up she always wanted to pursue a career in singing but her father urge her to pursue a career as literature teacher. After singing in a talent show, which she won interpreting a tango piece Nostalgia in a bolero tempo feeling she had a future in the music business Cruz, abandoned her studies. Her career launched was when she joined the ensemble named La Sonora Matanzera replacing the lead singer of the assemble, Myrta, Silva and then staring in five films produced in Mexico. She also headlined in one of the most important nightclubs of the time named Tropicana. In 1959 Dictator Fidel Castro came to power and Cruz had to immigrate to Mexico and then to the United States where she did not find the success she had in Cuba. In the late 1960s became familiarized with a new music genre that was the result of various Hispanic musicians experimenting with different sounds of the Caribbean to modify the son genre. As a result of these experiments was created the new genre of salsa. Why she is considered the mother of salsa? Celia Cruz or also known as La guarachera or La guarachera de Cuba was the singer that introduced salsa to the world and made it what it is today. She has performed in the farthest and most unthinkable places in the world as China, Japan and Australia. She has been honored with a doctorate of music from Yale University, a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame and a 1990 Grammy award. .u2efbb3297b9b527755f0775afcb1e1c1 , .u2efbb3297b9b527755f0775afcb1e1c1 .postImageUrl , .u2efbb3297b9b527755f0775afcb1e1c1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2efbb3297b9b527755f0775afcb1e1c1 , .u2efbb3297b9b527755f0775afcb1e1c1:hover , .u2efbb3297b9b527755f0775afcb1e1c1:visited , .u2efbb3297b9b527755f0775afcb1e1c1:active { border:0!important; } .u2efbb3297b9b527755f0775afcb1e1c1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2efbb3297b9b527755f0775afcb1e1c1 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2efbb3297b9b527755f0775afcb1e1c1:active , .u2efbb3297b9b527755f0775afcb1e1c1:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2efbb3297b9b527755f0775afcb1e1c1 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2efbb3297b9b527755f0775afcb1e1c1 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2efbb3297b9b527755f0775afcb1e1c1 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2efbb3297b9b527755f0775afcb1e1c1 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2efbb3297b9b527755f0775afcb1e1c1:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2efbb3297b9b527755f0775afcb1e1c1 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2efbb3297b9b527755f0775afcb1e1c1 .u2efbb3297b9b527755f0775afcb1e1c1-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2efbb3297b9b527755f0775afcb1e1c1:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Conversational Narcissism In The Classroom EssaySince the1970s she has had many artists followers as Willie Colon, Tito Puente, Johny Pacheco who have taken on La guarachera mission to deliver this beautiful and history full music style to the rest of the world. Although this music style was originated from Cuban music genres and created mostly by Cuban musicians, New York has been nominated as the new center of Cuban music, due to the isolation of Cuba from the Western hemisphere and salsa has been overtaken in the United States by Puerto Ricans and New Yorkers or so called Newyoricans. Nevertheless, as it has happened in the past this type of music has changed and new tr ends and styles where developed in Cuba after the Cuban Revolution and these new mutations have been quickly adopted by the new Newyorican salseros (salsa singers). The division and isolation of Puerto Rican salseros and Cuban salseros has come to generate a new rhythm which Cubans and some critics call casino, which is the Puerto Rican salsa and the original salsa they call it Cuban. The Cuban salsa has also changed. In the past traditional salsa ensembles, took up issues as the original theme of boy meets girl; because if they where to take another theme they would have been incarcerated or banned from air. Now the lyrics take on such issues as AIDS, the countrys economic hardship, and the desire to know the world outside Cuba. This shows the power of music and its ability to affect peoples minds. Salsa has had a big influence on Cuban peoples minds but not enough for the people to see how the government manipulates the media. The aperture in the freedom of speech does not mean that the government is going to tolerate the revolutionary lyrics of some songs. The Cuban government demonstrated this when in July of 1998 it banned a popular group named La Charanga Habanera from public appearances for six month since the government is the groups manager and employer it can do that. The reason for the banning is not known. Some say that it was because the group sang about unprotected sex and drugs use at an international youth fair. Other say because they started undressing on stage, others say that it was because the following words were sang Hey green mango, now that youre ripe, why have you still not fallen? People say that the green mango was interpreted to be the communist dictator Fidel Castro that always dresses in green army fatigues. What is the reason for the banning? Could have been the undressing on stage, or the taken on issues as AIDS and unsafe sex or the revolutionary words. Cuban musicians are worried that when there will be an aperture in the system will erode Cuban music. Yet Giraldo Piloto, composer and percussionist for the Klimax salsa band says hes not worried about any foreign influences. I find my self bringing more and different elements into the music Im composing, some rap and some new African rhythms, but at its heart it remains Cuban. he says. If you ask a Cuban How can you survive the poverty and humiliations? he will tell you Cubans live on music the way others live on bread and water. Thats enough right there to keep us producing something unique.

Afro Amer 005 Essays - Christianity And Slavery, Free Essays

Afro Amer 005 Essays - Christianity And Slavery, Free Essays Afro Amer 005 Dr. Carr 09/28/2017 Response Essay 2 Abstract In discussing framing questions 2, how did Africans preserve and affirm their ways of life use their cultures as a means to resist enslavement, we talk about the experience and contributions of the Africana history and learn about the shaping of the African citizenship. We also discuss The Coming by Daniel Black which explains the fundamentals of the Middle passage and how they were separated but still managed to keep their cultural practices. Critical Review of Scholarship In the text readings done in class, we have found many answers to the questions that ties around framing question 2, How did Africans preserve and affirm their ways of life and use their cultures as a means to resist enslavement? In the text readings, there are many factors pertaining around framing question 2. In The Coming, Daniel black says, "Our body were the trademark, we believed, of a sacred majestic people. Now the ugliness of our situation made us begin to loathe the body we'd once loved. It was a gradual occurrence at first, more a thought that a truth, but we knew that once planted, a seed soon reveals all that it bears." I believe Black was talking about when we became slaves and how we started to lose ourselves becoming what the white people wanted us to be. We began to hate ourselves because of the situation we were put in. Discussion Also in The Coming , Black says, "The pain of what happened next lives in our collective memory. It mauls our souls each day. Yet it must be told. Silence guarantees no healing. It promises that the child's life would be forgotten and that its mission might one day, be thought significant. Silence is the enemy of history, and history is all we have." Another reading we looked at, Ngugi wa Thiong'o's Something torn and New: An African Renaissance talks about the dismemberment of Africa and how it had two stages. In the reading, it also explains how Europeans colonized the culture and created it through time and space. "The result was that everyone in the African diaspora from the tiniest Caribbean and Pacific island to the American mainland lost their names: Their bodies became branded with a European memory" ( Thiong'o . 14) For my essay, I will be introducing several texts from these sources stated above and sources from my notes in class. How did Africans Preserve and affirm their ways of life and Use their cultures as a means to resist enslavement? To answer this question, we can by trying to go back to when we were enslaved. In our history, we have social constructs and cultures we implemented in order to keep the culture alive. In class, we discussed the difference between and anthem and a hymn. "Lift every Voice is the black national anthem. White people have the Star-Spangled Banner which was written by Francis Scott who was a lawyer who housed slaves which he wrote about in the third verse of the national anthem. The anthem was supposed to bring about unity but it did the opposite of that. Why do you think there is a Black National anthem? In class, Dr. Carr discussed that the national anthem discussed the false promises of freedom. The phase of enslavement started when the Europeans colonized our culture and took it from us. To elaborate, our knowledge knows nothing of Africana studies because of the dismemberment of our history. The passage of enslavement happened in 6 stages; 1. Travel from European Country to Africa, which included exchange of goods. The second phase was the initial capture which happened between Africans where they promoted violence by Europeans for forced labor. In The Coming, Black says "We'd all been taught that, in a circle, there is no beginning, no end. Energy flows without ceasing. One can enter and exit without ever disrupting it. Something magical happens when people gather in a circle. Individual identities swirl into a collective self, which wields far more spiritual force than any one person alone." Elaborating back to the framing question, Black explains how we preserved our culture. During the passage, all the Africans were split up

shizikos daughter essays

shiziko's daughter essays Shizukos Daughter, a novel written by Kyoki Mori, is about a bold and brilliant twelve-year-old Yuki Okundo who suffers the loss of her mother by suicide. Shizuko, Yukis mother, is a loving mother with artistic talents that she has passed on to her daughter. Yukis ability to survive many losses is tested by many factors, but mainly by her heartless father and his new wife. Yukis coming of age is the result of the attack on her mothers memory, her father and stepmothers actions, mothers memory, and her mothers suicide. Yuki grows up strong and capable, and Shizuko has encouraged her daughter to be bold. Yuki fights boys and studies piano and she is also an outstanding student. Shizuko writes in her suicide note, "I do not do this rashly, but after much consideration. This is the best for all of us. Please do not feel guilty in any way. What has happened is entirely my responsibility. This is the best for myself as well as for you. I am almost happy at this last hour and wish you to be. In spite of this, please believe I love you. People will tell you that Ive done this because of I do not love you. Dont listen to them. When you grow up to be a strong women, you will know that this was for the best. My only concern now is that you will be the first to find me. Im sorry. Call your father at work and let him take care of everything. You are a strong person; you will no doubt get over this and be brilliant women. Dont let me stop or delay you. I love you." (Mori 6) Once Shizuko is gone there are many things that threaten Yuki's development. She must tolerate the harassing on her mothers memory, first by her Aunt Aya who removes the possessions of her dead mother, and then by the bitter Hanae. On the day of the funeral, Yuki takes shelter in her closet filled with colorful clothing all made for her by Shizuko. In her closet, with the sou...

Frankenstein Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Frankenstein - Essay Example As Victor is seen joining the university at Ingolstadt, he creates a monster, a grotesque act committed by him, which removes him far from the victory of committing a scientific triumph. He attempts to go beyond accepted human limits of knowledge in order to create secrets not known to mankind. The story behind Frankenstein thus may be viewed as a lesson about the search for knowledge as well as the dangerousness that accompanies the pursuit. The 1931 make the film based on this sci-fi thriller talks about how scientists at the time were not satisfied with what human life had to offer. Victor was devastated and bereaved the death of his mother and soon began to create a human life in order to bring back those memories that he shared. However, his emotions got warped up within the scientific aspects of life and gave birth to destruction instead. He questions his friend, Robert Walton, "Are you mad, my friend? Or whither does your senseless curiosity lead you? Would you also create for yourself and the world a demoniacal enemy? Peace, peace! Learn my miseries and do not seek to increase your own." Scientists have never given up on understanding the working of the human body, and just like most of them, Victor challenged himself to move his thoughts and ideas on to a more productive work sphere so as to not think about his past and family life. However, the film has a very tragedian note as it helps the audience understand the protagonist’s regret upon formulating a monster which ends up killing his loved ones.

Victorian America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Victorian America - Essay Example The country gained 12 new states, doubling its geographical area, voted on 10 new amendments to their constitution and increased its population by more than twice its number at the beginning of this period. â€Å"Americans were becoming more diverse, more urban, and more mobile.†2 Slavery had legally come to an end and an entirely new population was struggling to redefine itself and find a home. Social norms were questioned and the preconceptions of the elders were no longer automatically assumed honorable. Technology had changed too, bringing with it the mechanized tools of the factory, enabling large groups of workers to earn living wages within a single location rather than struggle to grow crops out on the farm. With the advent of the machine and the production line, more and more Americans were moving to the cities to seek work, bringing the women in from the fields on the farms to the kitchens and family rooms of the middle class. This emerging middle class gave birth to what has since been referred to as the Cult of the True Woman, coined first by Barbara Welter in the mid-1960s3, a set of ideas and beliefs regarding the proper structure of the quintessential American family. However, through this ideology, women were brought into closer contact with one another, gaining power and voice enough to finally give rise to the feminist movements that marked the tremendous strides toward equal rights that were accomplished in the early part of the twentieth century. Through this process of growth and change, moving from the True Woman to the New Woman, the feminist movement was seen primarily as a masculine movement with very little to suggest the ‘feminisation of American culture’, with its emphasis on compassion, consideration, and control that would emerge in the twenty-first century. In leaving the farms for the cities with the new modernization of the cities and factories, Welter and others hypothesized that it became necessary for women to uphold the traditional ideologies the family had held dear while in a rural setting, thereby restricting them to a single idealized image of what embodies the True Woman.